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        NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC)
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                pifsc.info@noaa.gov
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      Citation: 
        Citation: 
          Title: 
            Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Maximum Monthly 
            Climatological Mean, 2003-2018 - American Samoa
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2021-09-07
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                Date: 
                  2021-09-07
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                NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC)
              Contact_Information: 
                Contact: 
                  Address: 
                    Address: 
                      Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                        pifsc.info@noaa.gov
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                NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG)
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                          https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov
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          Other_Citation_Details: 
            Related publication: Gove JM, Williams GJ, McManus MA, Heron SF, 
            Sandin SA, et al. (2013) Quantifying climatological ranges and 
            anomalies for Pacific coral reef ecosystems. PLOS ONE 8(4): 
            e61974. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061974.
      Abstract: 
        Solar irradiance is one of the most important factors influencing 
        coral reefs. As a majority of their nutrients are obtained from 
        symbiotic photosynthesizing organisms, reef-building corals need 
        sunlight as a fundamental source of energy. Seasonally low irradiance 
        at high latitudes may be linked to reduced growth rates in corals and 
        may limit reef calcification to shallower depths than that observed at 
        lower latitudes. However, high levels of irradiance can lead to 
        light-induced damage, production of free radicals, and in combination 
        with increased temperatures, can exacerbate coral bleaching. 
        Irradiance is here represented by PAR (photosynthetically active 
        radiation), which is the spectrum of light that is important for 
        photosynthesis. This layer represents the maximum monthly 
        climatological mean of PAR (mol/m2/day) from 2003-2018.
        
        Data for PAR for the time period 2003-2018 were obtained from the 
        Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua satellite 
        instrument from the NASA OceanColor website as 8-day 4-km composites.
        
        A quality control mask was applied to remove spurious data associated 
        with shallow water, following Gove et al., 2013. Monthly climatologies 
        were calculated from monthly time series averaging for all same-months 
        (e.g., January). Nearshore map pixels with no data were filled with 
        values from the nearest neighboring valid offshore pixel by using a 
        grid of points and the Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then converting 
        points to raster.
        
        Data source: 
        https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/aqua_par_8d_2018_0.graph
      Purpose: 
        These layers were developed as part of a geospatial database of key 
        anthropogenic and environmental pressures to coastal waters of 
        American Samoa.
      Credit: 
        Please acknowledge the Ecosystem Sciences Division of the NOAA Pacific 
        Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
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      Descriptive_Keywords: 
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            Earth Science > Biosphere > Aquatic Ecosystems > Reef Habitat
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Biosphere > Ecosystems > Marine Ecosystems > Reef 
            > Coral Reef
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Biosphere > Vegetation > Photosynthetically Active 
            Radiation
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Human Settlements > Coastal Areas
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs
          Keyword: 
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            Samoa > Manua
          Keyword: 
            Ocean > Pacific Ocean > South Pacific Ocean > Polynesia > American 
            Samoa > Ofu
          Keyword: 
            Ocean > Pacific Ocean > South Pacific Ocean > Polynesia > American 
            Samoa > Olosega
          Keyword: 
            Ocean > Pacific Ocean > South Pacific Ocean > Polynesia > American 
            Samoa > Rose Atoll
          Keyword: 
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            Samoa > Swains
          Keyword: 
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          Keyword: 
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            the data Contributor, University of Hawaii, PacIOOS, NOAA, State 
            of Hawaii nor the United States Government, nor any of their 
            employees or contractors, makes any warranty, express or implied, 
            including warranties of merchantability and fitness for a 
            particular purpose, or assumes any legal liability for the 
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      Language: 
        eng
      Topic_Category: 
        Topic_Category_Code: 
          biota
      Topic_Category: 
        Topic_Category_Code: 
          climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere
      Topic_Category: 
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          Title: 
            Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Maximum Monthly 
            Climatological Mean, 2003-2018 - American Samoa
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2021-09-07
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              Date: 
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                  2021-09-07
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                  2021-09-07
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      Abstract: 
        Solar irradiance is one of the most important factors influencing 
        coral reefs. As a majority of their nutrients are obtained from 
        symbiotic photosynthesizing organisms, reef-building corals need 
        sunlight as a fundamental source of energy. Seasonally low irradiance 
        at high latitudes may be linked to reduced growth rates in corals and 
        may limit reef calcification to shallower depths than that observed at 
        lower latitudes. However, high levels of irradiance can lead to 
        light-induced damage, production of free radicals, and in combination 
        with increased temperatures, can exacerbate coral bleaching. 
        Irradiance is here represented by PAR (photosynthetically active 
        radiation), which is the spectrum of light that is important for 
        photosynthesis. This layer represents the maximum monthly 
        climatological mean of PAR (mol/m2/day) from 2003-2018.
        
        Data for PAR for the time period 2003-2018 were obtained from the 
        Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua satellite 
        instrument from the NASA OceanColor website as 8-day 4-km composites.
        
        A quality control mask was applied to remove spurious data associated 
        with shallow water, following Gove et al., 2013. Monthly climatologies 
        were calculated from monthly time series averaging for all same-months 
        (e.g., January). Nearshore map pixels with no data were filled with 
        values from the nearest neighboring valid offshore pixel by using a 
        grid of points and the Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then converting 
        points to raster.
        
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        https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/aqua_par_8d_2018_0.graph
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      Citation: 
        Citation: 
          Title: 
            Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Maximum Monthly 
            Climatological Mean, 2003-2018 - American Samoa
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2021-09-07
              Date_Type: 
                Date_Type_Code: 
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          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2021-09-07
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                        pifsc.info@noaa.gov
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      Abstract: 
        Solar irradiance is one of the most important factors influencing 
        coral reefs. As a majority of their nutrients are obtained from 
        symbiotic photosynthesizing organisms, reef-building corals need 
        sunlight as a fundamental source of energy. Seasonally low irradiance 
        at high latitudes may be linked to reduced growth rates in corals and 
        may limit reef calcification to shallower depths than that observed at 
        lower latitudes. However, high levels of irradiance can lead to 
        light-induced damage, production of free radicals, and in combination 
        with increased temperatures, can exacerbate coral bleaching. 
        Irradiance is here represented by PAR (photosynthetically active 
        radiation), which is the spectrum of light that is important for 
        photosynthesis. This layer represents the maximum monthly 
        climatological mean of PAR (mol/m2/day) from 2003-2018.
        
        Data for PAR for the time period 2003-2018 were obtained from the 
        Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua satellite 
        instrument from the NASA OceanColor website as 8-day 4-km composites.
        
        A quality control mask was applied to remove spurious data associated 
        with shallow water, following Gove et al., 2013. Monthly climatologies 
        were calculated from monthly time series averaging for all same-months 
        (e.g., January). Nearshore map pixels with no data were filled with 
        values from the nearest neighboring valid offshore pixel by using a 
        grid of points and the Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then converting 
        points to raster.
        
        Data source: 
        https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/aqua_par_8d_2018_0.graph
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          Title: 
            Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Maximum Monthly 
            Climatological Mean, 2003-2018 - American Samoa
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2021-09-07
              Date_Type: 
                Date_Type_Code: 
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          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2021-09-07
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      Abstract: 
        Solar irradiance is one of the most important factors influencing 
        coral reefs. As a majority of their nutrients are obtained from 
        symbiotic photosynthesizing organisms, reef-building corals need 
        sunlight as a fundamental source of energy. Seasonally low irradiance 
        at high latitudes may be linked to reduced growth rates in corals and 
        may limit reef calcification to shallower depths than that observed at 
        lower latitudes. However, high levels of irradiance can lead to 
        light-induced damage, production of free radicals, and in combination 
        with increased temperatures, can exacerbate coral bleaching. 
        Irradiance is here represented by PAR (photosynthetically active 
        radiation), which is the spectrum of light that is important for 
        photosynthesis. This layer represents the maximum monthly 
        climatological mean of PAR (mol/m2/day) from 2003-2018.
        
        Data for PAR for the time period 2003-2018 were obtained from the 
        Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua satellite 
        instrument from the NASA OceanColor website as 8-day 4-km composites.
        
        A quality control mask was applied to remove spurious data associated 
        with shallow water, following Gove et al., 2013. Monthly climatologies 
        were calculated from monthly time series averaging for all same-months 
        (e.g., January). Nearshore map pixels with no data were filled with 
        values from the nearest neighboring valid offshore pixel by using a 
        grid of points and the Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then converting 
        points to raster.
        
        Data source: 
        https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/aqua_par_8d_2018_0.graph
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                OGC-WMS-C
              Description: 
                Open Geospatial Consortium Web Map Service - Cached (WMS-C). 
                Use of WMS-C is similar to traditional WMS but with the 
                addition of the "tiled=true" parameter, which triggers 
                GeoServer to pull map tiles from GeoWebCache if they have been 
                previously generated. This can dramatically improve 
                performance, especially for larger datasets. Supported map 
                formats include JPEG and PNG. Supported info formats include 
                GeoJSON, GML, HTML, and plain text.
              Function: 
                OnLine_Function_Code: 
                  download
      Operates_On: 
  Distribution_Information: 
    Distribution: 
      Distributor: 
        Distributor: 
          Distributor_Contact: 
            Responsible_Party: 
              Individual_Name: 
              Organisation_Name: 
                Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS)
              Contact_Information: 
                Contact: 
                  Address: 
                    Address: 
                      Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                        info@pacioos.org
                  Online_Resource: 
                    Online_Resource: 
                      Linkage: 
                        URL: 
                          http://pacioos.org
                      Protocol: 
                        http
                      Application_Profile: 
                        web browser
                      Function: 
                        OnLine_Function_Code: 
                          information
              Role: 
                Role_Code: 
                  publisher
          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
            Digital_Transfer_Options: 
              Online: 
                Online_Resource: 
                  Linkage: 
                    URL: 
                      http://geo.pacioos.hawaii.edu/geoserver/
                  Protocol: 
                    http
                  Name: 
                    GeoServer
                  Description: 
                    This URL provides access to this dataset via GeoServer, 
                    including multiple output formats and an OpenLayers viewer.
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
                      download
          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
            Digital_Transfer_Options: 
              Online: 
                Online_Resource: 
                  Linkage: 
                    URL: 
                      http://geo.pacioos.hawaii.edu/geoexplorer/
                  Protocol: 
                    http
                  Name: 
                    GeoExplorer
                  Description: 
                    This URL provides a viewer for this dataset.
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
                      download
          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
            Digital_Transfer_Options: 
              Online: 
                Online_Resource: 
                  Linkage: 
                    URL: 
                      http://pacioos.org/projects/coral-drivers-amsam/
                  Protocol: 
                    http
                  Name: 
                    PacIOOS: American Samoa Coral Reef Drivers
                  Description: 
                    This URL provides a viewer and/or data access for this 
                    dataset.
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
                      download
  Data_Quality_Information: 
    Data_Quality: 
      Scope: 
        Scope: 
          Hierarchy_Level: 
            Scope_Code: 
              dataset
      Lineage: 
        Lineage: 
          Statement: 
            2021-09-07T00:00:00Z OGC web services (WMS and WFS) enabled by 
            PacIOOS via GeoServer. Original data from source provider may have 
            been reformatted, reprojected, or adjusted in other ways to 
            optimize these capabilities.
  Metadata_Maintenance: 
    Maintenance_Information: 
      Maintenance_And_Update_Frequency: 
      Maintenance_Note: 
        This record was translated and enhanced from GeoServer OGC Web 
        Services (OWS) using PacIOOS software.